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<div class="section" id="mixing-with-other-languages">
<h1>Mixing with other languages<a class="headerlink" href="#mixing-with-other-languages" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>As discussed in the section on <a class="reference internal" href="file-formats.html"><span class="doc">File formats</span></a>, Miller supports several different file formats. Different tools are good at different things, so it’s important to be able to move data into and out of other languages. <strong>CSV</strong> and <strong>JSON</strong> are well-known, of course; here are some examples using <strong>DKVP</strong> format, with <strong>Ruby</strong> and <strong>Python</strong>. Last, we show how to use arbitrary <strong>shell commands</strong> to extend functionality beyond Miller’s domain-specific language.</p>
<div class="section" id="dkvp-i-o-in-python">
<h2>DKVP I/O in Python<a class="headerlink" href="#dkvp-i-o-in-python" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Here are the I/O routines:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
<span class="c1"># ================================================================</span>
<span class="c1"># Example of DKVP I/O using Python.</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># Key point: Use Miller for what it&#39;s good at; pass data into/out of tools in</span>
<span class="c1"># other languages to do what they&#39;re good at.</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># bash$ python -i dkvp_io.py</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># # READ</span>
<span class="c1"># &gt;&gt;&gt; map = dkvpline2map(&#39;x=1,y=2&#39;, &#39;=&#39;, &#39;,&#39;)</span>
<span class="c1"># &gt;&gt;&gt; map</span>
<span class="c1"># OrderedDict([(&#39;x&#39;, &#39;1&#39;), (&#39;y&#39;, &#39;2&#39;)])</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># # MODIFY</span>
<span class="c1"># &gt;&gt;&gt; map[&#39;z&#39;] = map[&#39;x&#39;] + map[&#39;y&#39;]</span>
<span class="c1"># &gt;&gt;&gt; map</span>
<span class="c1"># OrderedDict([(&#39;x&#39;, &#39;1&#39;), (&#39;y&#39;, &#39;2&#39;), (&#39;z&#39;, 3)])</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># # WRITE</span>
<span class="c1"># &gt;&gt;&gt; line = map2dkvpline(map, &#39;=&#39;, &#39;,&#39;)</span>
<span class="c1"># &gt;&gt;&gt; line</span>
<span class="c1"># &#39;x=1,y=2,z=3&#39;</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># ================================================================</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">collections</span>
<span class="c1"># ----------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span class="c1"># ips and ifs (input pair separator and input field separator) are nominally &#39;=&#39; and &#39;,&#39;.</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dkvpline2map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ips</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ifs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">pairs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ifs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">map</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">collections</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">OrderedDict</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">pair</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">pairs</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ips</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pair</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Type inference:</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">map</span>
<span class="c1"># ----------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span class="c1"># ops and ofs (output pair separator and output field separator) are nominally &#39;=&#39; and &#39;,&#39;.</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">map2dkvpline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ops</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ofs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span>
<span class="n">pairs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">key</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">pairs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">ops</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ofs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pairs</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And here is an example using them:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ cat polyglot-dkvp-io/example.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
import re
import copy
import dkvp_io
while True:
# Read the original record:
line = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
if line == &#39;&#39;:
break
map = dkvp_io.dkvpline2map(line, &#39;=&#39;, &#39;,&#39;)
# Drop a field:
map.pop(&#39;x&#39;)
# Compute some new fields:
map[&#39;ab&#39;] = map[&#39;a&#39;] + map[&#39;b&#39;]
map[&#39;iy&#39;] = map[&#39;i&#39;] + map[&#39;y&#39;]
# Add new fields which show type of each already-existing field:
omap = copy.copy(map) # since otherwise the for-loop will modify what it loops over
keys = omap.keys()
for key in keys:
# Convert &quot;&lt;type &#39;int&#39;&gt;&quot; to just &quot;int&quot;, etc.:
type_string = str(map[key].__class__)
type_string = re.sub(&quot;&lt;type &#39;&quot;, &quot;&quot;, type_string) # python2
type_string = re.sub(&quot;&lt;class &#39;&quot;, &quot;&quot;, type_string) # python3
type_string = re.sub(&quot;&#39;&gt;&quot;, &quot;&quot;, type_string)
map[&#39;t&#39;+key] = type_string
# Write the modified record:
print(dkvp_io.map2dkvpline(map, &#39;=&#39;, &#39;,&#39;))
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Run as-is:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ python polyglot-dkvp-io/example.py &lt; data/small
a=pan,b=pan,i=1,y=0.7268028627434533,ab=panpan,iy=1.7268028627434533,ta=str,tb=str,ti=int,ty=float,tab=str,tiy=float
a=eks,b=pan,i=2,y=0.5221511083334797,ab=ekspan,iy=2.5221511083334796,ta=str,tb=str,ti=int,ty=float,tab=str,tiy=float
a=wye,b=wye,i=3,y=0.33831852551664776,ab=wyewye,iy=3.3383185255166477,ta=str,tb=str,ti=int,ty=float,tab=str,tiy=float
a=eks,b=wye,i=4,y=0.13418874328430463,ab=ekswye,iy=4.134188743284304,ta=str,tb=str,ti=int,ty=float,tab=str,tiy=float
a=wye,b=pan,i=5,y=0.8636244699032729,ab=wyepan,iy=5.863624469903273,ta=str,tb=str,ti=int,ty=float,tab=str,tiy=float
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Run as-is, then pipe to Miller for pretty-printing:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ python polyglot-dkvp-io/example.py &lt; data/small | mlr --opprint cat
a b i y ab iy ta tb ti ty tab tiy
pan pan 1 0.7268028627434533 panpan 1.7268028627434533 str str int float str float
eks pan 2 0.5221511083334797 ekspan 2.5221511083334796 str str int float str float
wye wye 3 0.33831852551664776 wyewye 3.3383185255166477 str str int float str float
eks wye 4 0.13418874328430463 ekswye 4.134188743284304 str str int float str float
wye pan 5 0.8636244699032729 wyepan 5.863624469903273 str str int float str float
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="dkvp-i-o-in-ruby">
<h2>DKVP I/O in Ruby<a class="headerlink" href="#dkvp-i-o-in-ruby" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Here are the I/O routines:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env ruby</span>
<span class="c1"># ================================================================</span>
<span class="c1"># Example of DKVP I/O using Ruby.</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># Key point: Use Miller for what it&#39;s good at; pass data into/out of tools in</span>
<span class="c1"># other languages to do what they&#39;re good at.</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># bash$ irb -I. -r dkvp_io.rb</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># # READ</span>
<span class="c1"># irb(main):001:0&gt; map = dkvpline2map(&#39;x=1,y=2&#39;, &#39;=&#39;, &#39;,&#39;)</span>
<span class="c1"># =&gt; {&quot;x&quot;=&gt;&quot;1&quot;, &quot;y&quot;=&gt;&quot;2&quot;}</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># # MODIFY</span>
<span class="c1"># irb(main):001:0&gt; map[&#39;z&#39;] = map[&#39;x&#39;] + map[&#39;y&#39;]</span>
<span class="c1"># =&gt; 3</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># # WRITE</span>
<span class="c1"># irb(main):002:0&gt; line = map2dkvpline(map, &#39;=&#39;, &#39;,&#39;)</span>
<span class="c1"># =&gt; &quot;x=1,y=2,z=3&quot;</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># ================================================================</span>
<span class="c1"># ----------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span class="c1"># ips and ifs (input pair separator and input field separator) are nominally &#39;=&#39; and &#39;,&#39;.</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dkvpline2map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ips</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ifs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">map</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ifs</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">each</span> <span class="n">do</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="n">pair</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pair</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ips</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Type inference:</span>
<span class="n">begin</span>
<span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">rescue</span> <span class="n">ArgumentError</span>
<span class="n">begin</span>
<span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">rescue</span> <span class="n">ArgumentError</span>
<span class="c1"># Leave as string</span>
<span class="n">end</span>
<span class="n">end</span>
<span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">v</span>
<span class="n">end</span>
<span class="nb">map</span>
<span class="n">end</span>
<span class="c1"># ----------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span class="c1"># ops and ofs (output pair separator and output field separator) are nominally &#39;=&#39; and &#39;,&#39;.</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">map2dkvpline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ops</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ofs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">map</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_s</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">ops</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_s</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ofs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And here is an example using them:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ cat polyglot-dkvp-io/example.rb
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
require &#39;dkvp_io&#39;
ARGF.each do |line|
# Read the original record:
map = dkvpline2map(line.chomp, &#39;=&#39;, &#39;,&#39;)
# Drop a field:
map.delete(&#39;x&#39;)
# Compute some new fields:
map[&#39;ab&#39;] = map[&#39;a&#39;] + map[&#39;b&#39;]
map[&#39;iy&#39;] = map[&#39;i&#39;] + map[&#39;y&#39;]
# Add new fields which show type of each already-existing field:
keys = map.keys
keys.each do |key|
map[&#39;t&#39;+key] = map[key].class
end
# Write the modified record:
puts map2dkvpline(map, &#39;=&#39;, &#39;,&#39;)
end
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Run as-is:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ruby -I./polyglot-dkvp-io polyglot-dkvp-io/example.rb data/small
a=pan,b=pan,i=1,y=0.7268028627434533,ab=panpan,iy=1.7268028627434533,ta=String,tb=String,ti=Integer,ty=Float,tab=String,tiy=Float
a=eks,b=pan,i=2,y=0.5221511083334797,ab=ekspan,iy=2.5221511083334796,ta=String,tb=String,ti=Integer,ty=Float,tab=String,tiy=Float
a=wye,b=wye,i=3,y=0.33831852551664776,ab=wyewye,iy=3.3383185255166477,ta=String,tb=String,ti=Integer,ty=Float,tab=String,tiy=Float
a=eks,b=wye,i=4,y=0.13418874328430463,ab=ekswye,iy=4.134188743284304,ta=String,tb=String,ti=Integer,ty=Float,tab=String,tiy=Float
a=wye,b=pan,i=5,y=0.8636244699032729,ab=wyepan,iy=5.863624469903273,ta=String,tb=String,ti=Integer,ty=Float,tab=String,tiy=Float
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Run as-is, then pipe to Miller for pretty-printing:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ruby -I./polyglot-dkvp-io polyglot-dkvp-io/example.rb data/small | mlr --opprint cat
a b i y ab iy ta tb ti ty tab tiy
pan pan 1 0.7268028627434533 panpan 1.7268028627434533 String String Integer Float String Float
eks pan 2 0.5221511083334797 ekspan 2.5221511083334796 String String Integer Float String Float
wye wye 3 0.33831852551664776 wyewye 3.3383185255166477 String String Integer Float String Float
eks wye 4 0.13418874328430463 ekswye 4.134188743284304 String String Integer Float String Float
wye pan 5 0.8636244699032729 wyepan 5.863624469903273 String String Integer Float String Float
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="sql-output-examples">
<h2>SQL-output examples<a class="headerlink" href="#sql-output-examples" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Please see <a class="reference internal" href="sql-examples.html#sql-output-examples"><span class="std std-ref">SQL-output examples</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="sql-input-examples">
<h2>SQL-input examples<a class="headerlink" href="#sql-input-examples" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Please see <a class="reference internal" href="sql-examples.html#sql-input-examples"><span class="std std-ref">SQL-input examples</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="running-shell-commands">
<h2>Running shell commands<a class="headerlink" href="#running-shell-commands" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="reference-dsl.html#reference-dsl-system"><span class="std std-ref">system</span></a> DSL function allows you to run a specific shell command and put its output – minus the final newline – into a record field. The command itself is any string, either a literal string, or a concatenation of strings, perhaps including other field values or what have you.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ mlr --opprint put &#39;$o = system(&quot;echo hello world&quot;)&#39; data/small
a b i x y o
pan pan 1 0.3467901443380824 0.7268028627434533 hello world
eks pan 2 0.7586799647899636 0.5221511083334797 hello world
wye wye 3 0.20460330576630303 0.33831852551664776 hello world
eks wye 4 0.38139939387114097 0.13418874328430463 hello world
wye pan 5 0.5732889198020006 0.8636244699032729 hello world
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ mlr --opprint put &#39;$o = system(&quot;echo {&quot; . NR . &quot;}&quot;)&#39; data/small
a b i x y o
pan pan 1 0.3467901443380824 0.7268028627434533 {1}
eks pan 2 0.7586799647899636 0.5221511083334797 {2}
wye wye 3 0.20460330576630303 0.33831852551664776 {3}
eks wye 4 0.38139939387114097 0.13418874328430463 {4}
wye pan 5 0.5732889198020006 0.8636244699032729 {5}
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ mlr --opprint put &#39;$o = system(&quot;echo -n &quot;.$a.&quot;| sha1sum&quot;)&#39; data/small
a b i x y o
pan pan 1 0.3467901443380824 0.7268028627434533 f29c748220331c273ef16d5115f6ecd799947f13 -
eks pan 2 0.7586799647899636 0.5221511083334797 456d988ecb3bf1b75f057fc6e9fe70db464e9388 -
wye wye 3 0.20460330576630303 0.33831852551664776 eab0de043d67f441c7fd1e335f0ca38708e6ebf7 -
eks wye 4 0.38139939387114097 0.13418874328430463 456d988ecb3bf1b75f057fc6e9fe70db464e9388 -
wye pan 5 0.5732889198020006 0.8636244699032729 eab0de043d67f441c7fd1e335f0ca38708e6ebf7 -
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that running a subprocess on every record takes a non-trivial amount of time. Comparing asking the system <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> command for the current time in nanoseconds versus computing it in process:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ mlr --opprint put &#39;$t=system(&quot;date +%s.%N&quot;)&#39; then step -a delta -f t data/small
a b i x y t t_delta
pan pan 1 0.3467901443380824 0.7268028627434533 1568774318.513903817 0
eks pan 2 0.7586799647899636 0.5221511083334797 1568774318.514722876 0.000819
wye wye 3 0.20460330576630303 0.33831852551664776 1568774318.515618046 0.000895
eks wye 4 0.38139939387114097 0.13418874328430463 1568774318.516547441 0.000929
wye pan 5 0.5732889198020006 0.8636244699032729 1568774318.517518828 0.000971
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ mlr --opprint put &#39;$t=systime()&#39; then step -a delta -f t data/small
a b i x y t t_delta
pan pan 1 0.3467901443380824 0.7268028627434533 1568774318.518699 0
eks pan 2 0.7586799647899636 0.5221511083334797 1568774318.518717 0.000018
wye wye 3 0.20460330576630303 0.33831852551664776 1568774318.518723 0.000006
eks wye 4 0.38139939387114097 0.13418874328430463 1568774318.518727 0.000004
wye pan 5 0.5732889198020006 0.8636244699032729 1568774318.518730 0.000003
</pre></div>
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